Urolithiasis

Urolithiasis is the medical term for the presence of urinary stones, also known as uroliths or calculi. These stones can form in the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra. They develop when certain minerals in the urine become highly concentrated and crystallize. Common types include struvite and calcium oxalate stones. Symptoms depend on the stone's location and size but can include blood in the urine, painful or frequent urination, straining, and recurrent urinary tract infections. In severe cases, stones can cause life-threatening blockages, especially in male cats and dogs. Diagnosis usually involves X-rays, ultrasound, or urinalysis. Treatment may involve dietary changes, medication, or surgical removal.